Monorail - (MRT & LRT SYSTEM )

A monorail is a rail-based transportation system based on a single rail, which acts as its sole support and its guide way. The term is also used variously to describe the beam of the system, or the vehicles traveling on such a beam or track. The transportation system is often referred to as a railway. Simply, the term "monorail" is often used to describe any form of elevated rail or people mover. In fact, the term solely refers to the style of track, not its elevation.

Differentiation from other transport systems
Similarities
Monorails are often but not exclusively elevated, sometimes leading to confusion with other elevated systems such as the Docklands Light Railway, Vancouver SkyTrain and the JFK AirTrain. Monorail vehicles are often at first glance similar to other light rail vehicles, and can be both manned and unmanned. Monorail vehicles can also be found in singular rigid format, articulated single units, or as multiple units coupled into 'trains'. In common with other advanced rapid transit systems, some monorails are driven by linear induction motor. In common with many dual rail systems, the vehicle bodies are connected to the beam via bogies, allowing curves to be negotiated.
Differences
Unlike some trams and light rail systems, modern monorails are always partitioned from other traffic and pedestrians. Monorails are both guided and supported via interaction with the same single beam, in contrast to other guided systems such as Rubber-tyred metros, such as the Sapporo Municipal Subway; or guided buses or trams, such as Translohr. Monorails also do not use pantographs.

Power
Almost all modern monorails are powered by electric motors fed by dual third rails, contact wires or electrified channels attached to or enclosed in their guidance beams. However, diesel-powered monorail systems also exist.

Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages

 The primary advantage of monorails over conventional rail systems is that they require minimal space, both horizontally and vertically. Monorail vehicles are wider than the beam, and monorail systems are commonly elevated, requiring only a minimal footprint for support pillars.
 A monorail track is usually less expensive to build than a comparable elevated conventional rail line of equal capacity.
 Due to a smaller footprint, they are seen as more attractive than conventional elevated rail lines and block only a minimal amount of sky.
 Monorail is, by design, a grade-separated system. They do not interfere with existing transport modes.
 They are quieter, as modern monorails use rubber wheels on a concrete track (though some non-monorail subway systems, like certain lines of the Paris Métro and all of the Montreal metro and Mexico City metro, use the same technique and are equally quiet)
 Unlike conventional rail systems, straddle monorails wrap around their track and are thus not physically capable of derailing, unless the track itself suffers a catastrophic failure.

Disadvantages
 Monorail vehicles are not compatible with any other type of rail infrastructure, which makes (for example) through services onto mainline tracks impossible.
 Monorail tracks do not easily accommodate at-grade intersections.
 In an emergency, passengers may not be able to immediately exit because an elevated monorail vehicle is high above ground and not all systems have emergency walkways.. Newer monorail systems resolve this by building emergency walkways alongside the entire track, at the expense of visual intrusion. Turnouts, especially at high speeds, may be marginally more difficult compared to conventional railway points, although certainly not impossible.
 Monorail infrastructure and vehicles are often made by separate manufacturers, with different manufacturers using incompatible designs.